Nitrate and plant substances rich in polyphenols promote the formation of nitric oxide (NO), which leads to vasodilatation. Athletes benefit from improved nutrient and oxygen utilization as well as a lower perception of exertion

Unwanted muscle contractions are common in endurance sports. Strong stimuli such as acid, pungency or bitter substances can reduce acute susceptibility to cramps via neuroreceptors.

Caffeine awakens and activates, promotes concentration and coordination, increases stress tolerance and fatigue resistance. Studies confirm the effect of caffeine with an intake of 3 mg per kg body weight.